circuit wiring: single

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Sunday, December 22, 2013

Single Supply Function Generator

The circuit has both square-wave and triangle-wave output. The left section is similar in function to a comparator circuit that uses positive feedback for hysteresis. The inverting input is biased at one-half the Vcc voltage by resistor R4 and R5. The output is fed back to the non-inverting input of the first stage to control the frequency.

Circuit diagram :

Single Supply Function Generator Circuit Diagram

The amplitude of the square wave is the output swing of the first stage, which is 8V peak-to-peak. The second stage is basically an op amp integrator.

The resistor R3 is the input element and capacitor C1 is the feedback element.

The ratio R1/R2 sets the amplitude of the triangle wave, as referenced to the square-wave output. For both waveforms, the frequency of oscillation can be determined by the equation: fo= 1/4R3C1 * R2/R1

The output frequency is approximately 50 Hz with the given components.

Friday, April 5, 2013

Water Level Sensor Circuit Using LM1830 Single Chip

This is a water sensor circuit design using based on a Conductive Liquid Level Sensor, this single chip circuit is very compact and simple. This circuit is an ac excited fluid level sensor, which uses alternating current to provide biasing for the sensor probe to avoid electrolysis of the probes. This ac excitation makes the sensing probe has longer lifetime. This circuit can be useful for wide range of water or liquid level sensing and control such as radiators, beverage dispensers, washing machines, water softeners, irrigation, reservoirs, boilers, aquarium, or sump pumps

Many type of fluids are electrically conductive and can be detected using this liquid level sensor circuit: city water/ground water, sea water, chopper sulfate solution, weak acid, weak base, household ammonia, water and glycol mixture, wet soil, coffee, or fruit juices. Remember that most of fuel doesn’t conduct electricity, so this circuit can be employed as fuel level sensor/detector. This is the figure of the circuit.

If we look at its data sheet, this water level sensor circuit chip is best at 10-24 volt supply voltage. The absolute maximum voltage supply for this liquid level sensor chip is 28V, but remembers to always try to avoid this extreme condition to prevent damaging the chip.

In the first circuit, a basic low level warning application uses a LED to indicate the water level falls below the sensor. You can see the filter pin (9) is not connected, this means that the LED is actually blinking at sound frequency, but it’s fine since our eye response is slow enough to notice such high speed blinking. Since without filter capacitor at pin 9 the output give a square wave signal, you can easily replace the led with loud speaker as shown in the second circuit to give audio indication. If you need a TTL or CMOS level then you should use a filtering capacitor connected to pin 9 and use the open collector output to drive a pull up resistor connected to a voltage supply at desired voltage level. For water level control, or any conductive liquid level control, you can use a relay to activate a motor or valve to control the level. The third circuit show this kind of application, and the relay can be seen as liquid/water level switch. The optional resistor seen in the third circuit is an option for high voltage transient that often occurs in automotive environment, and you can omit it if there is no such possibility. [Circuits schematic diagram source: National Semiconductor Application Notes]